Billion- dollar mistake: How inferior IT killed Target Canada Business school case studies tend to fall into two categories: epic wins and oh- my- gosh- how- could- they- possibly- have- been- so- stupid epic failures. This article discusses a real- world billion dollar story that falls into the second category. As epic failures go, this one is worthy of the history books. Let's set the scene. Target is one of America's largest and most successful retailers. ![]() Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare FRS FREng (born 11 January 1934), commonly known as Tony Hoare or C. A. R. Hoare, is a British computer scientist. He developed the sorting algorithm quicksort in 1959/1960. He also developed. In computing, a null pointer has a value reserved for indicating that the pointer does not refer to a valid object. Programs routinely use null pointers to represent conditions such as the end of a list of unknown length or. Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. He had a chance to invest in Uber, and turned it down! No Bueno. The long, sordid tale of one of Biglaw’s biggest f**kups has come to a happy ending for Simpson Thacher. The venerable firm that signed away its client’s security interest in a $1.5 billion loan saw two putative. Tony Hoare, thecomputer scientist who implemented null references in ALGOL calls it his“billion-dollar mistake.”. Become a BILLIONAIRE INVESTOR making $1.683 billion to $5.049 billion a year, starting with an investment of $1.4 m. Tony Hoare introduced Null references in ALGOL W back in 1965 “simply because it was so easy to implement”, says Mr. Hoare. He talks about that decision considering it “my billion-dollar mistake”. ![]() ![]() The 1. 14- year- old company that evolved out of the old Dayton- Hudson company now has more than 1,8. Unfortunately, none of those are in Canada. Anymore. And thus begins our story. This is a story of hubris, impossible deadlines, and information technology. Yes, as it turns out, if you want to be a worldwide retailer, your information systems are the glue that holds it all together. ![]() Make sure your spelling is up to scratch if you're hacking a national bank: one group of hackers missed out on a billion dollar heist with one mistake. Billion-dollar mistake: How inferior IT killed Target Canada. Unmanageable deadlines and disastrous IT wrecked this top US retailer's attempt at international expansion. The moral of the story: IT drives the enterprise. In Target Canada's case, not so much. As an American with three Target stores right in our neighborhood, I didn't realize that Target wasn't a worldwide thing. But it's not. Walmart, by contrast, operates something over 1. Walmart is a $4. 65 billion company. Target is a $7. 2 billion company, certainly not small potatoes. But Target, it seems, wanted to be more like Walmart. And so, in 2. 01. Target Corporation decided to expand into Canada, as described in- depth by an excellent analysis by Canadian Business. That should have been easy, right? After all, we speak the same language (ignoring the French- speaking Québécois) and most Americans somehow seem think of Canada as our 5. But it's not that simple. Take two factors as an example. Canada has a different currency. Sure, it uses dollars, but at the time of this writing a Canadian dollar is worth only 7. American dollar. That conversion rate is constantly fluctuating. Also, Canada uses the metric system. To us in the US, a 2- foot deep shelf is a 2- foot deep shelf. In Canada, that shelf is 6. You can already begin to see the IT problem, can't you? An inventory system that was set up to handle US dollars would need to be updated to handle Canadian dollars. If the system didn't already have a currency field, that would need to be added throughout. Conversion methods would need to be added. And, for an inventory management system that has to fill shelves, knowing the size of product packaging would be important. Software that calculates area for placement would have to be modified to handle multiple measurements and measurement systems. Add to that issues of sourcing of products and pricing. All the products don't just come from the US. So a box of small widgets in the US might be 1. But that same product packaged for the Canadian market might only be 1. You get the idea. Internationalizing an IT system is a lot of work. For an IT system tracking the amount of data that an enterprise the size of Target needs, you're talking about a lot of development and customization. It all started with fur Our story actually goes back to the year 1. Yes, I'm talking about the 1. This is when the Hudson's Bay Company, technically the The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson's Bay, was founded under the charter of England's King Charles II. The Hudson's Bay Company was granted a virtual monopoly on fur trading in and around the Great Lakes. Over the centuries, Hudson's Bay grew and morphed. It operated steamships and funded explorers. It invested in oil and gas operations. The trading posts of the 1. Hudson's Bay owning a range of retail outlets. How To Make IT More Agile. Business executives are increasingly moving to an IT environment that is no longer focused on big, long projects but shorter, more sustainable efforts to drive change and innovation. Here are the pros and cons, and how to make it happen. In 1. 97. 8, the Zellers department store chain attempted to buy Hudson's Bay, but as it turned out, Hudson's Bay bought Zellers. Zellers did quite well as a discount store chain up through the 1. Walmart began to cost Zellers market share. By 2. 01. 0, it became apparent to Zellers' management that the property and leases of the Zellers' stores were worth more than the actual retailing activity itself. So they set out to sell the chain and, in particular, their very valuable leases. This is where our story returns to Target, because in 2. Target's management, under the leadership of CEO Gregg Steinhafel, paid $1. Zellers leases - - a total of 1. Target now had less than two years to build up a distribution system that could keep 1. That's two years to hire and train staff, build and stock distribution centers, customize and remodel stores, establish vendor relationships, create demand among a new market of customers, customize or write a vast IT supply chain management system, and populate the databases with records and the physical stores with products. Everything went terribly, terribly wrong The company built three brand new, Amazon- warehouse sized distribution centers in Canada. For those who haven't spent time in the supply chain of retail, a distribution center is where all the various products intended for the stores come in from thousands of vendors and get sorted and prepared for shipment to individual stores. Think of the distribution center as a physical switchboard. Stock isn't supposed to stay in the distribution center. These warehouses must be flowing, dynamic organisms, breathing in products from all over the country and the world and breathing out semi- trucks destined for the individual stores. But Target Canada couldn't keep track of their products. At first, there was too little coming into the distribution centers. Therefore, store shelves were left bare. Canadian customers who visited these first Targets found ghost towns in the form of large, cavernous stores with barely anything on the shelves. It was like a real- life Fallout 3 Super- Duper Mart. Later, the distribution centers became overwhelmed. The company managed to order goods, so they came into the distribution centers. But because they couldn't properly compute shelving locations (that conflict between imperial units and the metric system), items backed up so much in the distribution centers that Target Canada management had to offload stock to additional area warehouses. So they had way too much stock in storage and not enough on the shelves. As it turns out, Target has a well- oiled supply chain operation and IT system in the US. But because of the programming challenges I alluded to earlier, the company chose not to try modifying that system to support entrance into a new, international market. Instead, they brought in an outside supplier, along with subcontractors and consultants, and tried to build something entirely new. Here are two examples of where that approach went spectacularly wrong. The company had to track roughly 7. Each product required a lot of information. It wasn't just the length, width, and height of each object. You needed the vendor, UPC code, other codes, pricing, weight, costs, and more. Essentially, each product required a couple of pages of field data to be entered in. And, because the company wasn't extending its existing data entry system, the data being used either had to be exported or entered from scratch. Lengths were entered where widths needed to be. The wrong prices were entered. The wrong descriptions were entered. Low- level marketing assistants were pushed on impossible deadlines to enter thousands upon thousands of fields of information. Is it any wonder that they got 7. Then there was the replenishment system. As you know, stores are designed to sell frequently bought items, for example, Pampers. The idea is that the neighborhood babies will poo, parents will buy Pampers to contain that poo, babies will poo some more, and more Pampers will be bought. As the Pampers run low on shelves, the replenishment system is supposed to know that, and instruct the distribution centers to send more stock. In Target's case, behind every product's replenishment process was a business analyst, whose job it is to predict just how much pooping the babies of a given region will do. As you might imagine, each product requires some level of demographic and psychographic analytics in order to build a model for purchase and replenishment for each local store. But the analysts were compensated (or, more accurately) dinged if too low a percentage of their products was kept in stock at any given time. The replenishment system, by placing automatic orders, would expose when certain products had had an unexpected run, or there were too few in stock. When this happened, the junior analyst would get the equivalent of a demerit put on his or her record. Not being stupid, the analysts turned off this metric - - because they could. Apparently, the Canadian system made automatic replenishment data an optional switch, so when the analysts started to notice that they were getting criticized for poor stocking levels, they turned off the notification system that would tell people that there were poor stocking levels. As a result, management reading replenishment reports thought there was plenty of stock, when that was far from the case. Call it productmageddon. It wasn't pretty. All of this, of course, doesn't operate in a vacuum. Canadian customers were not impressed. Sales never took off. And there were more data errors. For example, the "in- DC" date that described the date an object would arrive in the distribution center was interpreted by some as when the object actually arrived, but by others as when it shipped to the distribution center. The point of all of this is that Target Canada could not get its act together. Plus, other things were going on at Target as well. You might have heard the name of the company's CEO, Gregg Steinhafel, in another context. In December 2. 01. Target in America experienced a massive breach, which resulted in the exposure of personal data on more than 7. Eventually, Target's board had enough and Steinhafel, a 3.
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Chu Mei- Fung, a Taiwanese politician who found her sex. VCD and sold for pennies. The filmmakers. have made sure to protect the innocent (?) by changing the. Kwai Fung- Ming, and even. My. analysis of their sincerity would be: Viva Hong Kong! King of the Multiplex Daniel. Wu stars as Calvin, a Hong Kong private eye who specializes. He's hired by mystery woman Wong (Grace. Lam) to head to Taiwan for a one million HK dollar job. The specifics are shady, but Calvin heads to Taiwan anyway. Cindy (Jenny Yam) and assistant Sam (Samuel. Leung) in tow. Once they arrive, he meets hot Taiwanese. Kwai Fung- Ming (Teresa Mak) in a men's bathroom. Calvin proceeds to wet himself while Kwai becomes. But, does that amusement extend to the audience? Wong eventually reveals that. Kwai is the target of the job, and as Calvin gets deeper. What that means is he spends a lot of time staring at TV. Somehow. he grows to care for the seemingly victimized Kwai, leading. Cindy. All the proceedings are trashy enough. Despite the possibilities. ![]() The Peeping goes the low- brow route with promises of. Daniel Wu removes his shirt. Sharing skin- baring duties. Director/editor Marco. Mak earns his wings by slying cutting around every possible. The Peeping received great. HK press coverage for the "daring" performance. Teresa Mak, but her appearance here is. Chingmy Yau/Wong Jing collaborations. Except, there were times when Chingmy Yau actually acted. Mak doesn't really do the same here. Some of that could be the fault of the shallow script, which. Cindy and Kwai compare chest. Sam loved Cindy first, but now she only loves. Calvin) to get a rise out of the audience. Some actual dialogue. The Peeping is an obvious. As such, it just goes through the motions, hoping that the. Of more interest would be why certain. It's likely that Teresa Mak. Jenny Yam did the film for more exposure (no pun intended). Daniel Wu thinking? His work in Princess. D and Love Undercover would indicate that he. The. Peeping and Devil Face Angel Heart. Wu might. be capable of better things, so hopefully this journey into. B- grade cinema won't ruin his future chances. If he continues along this path, then he should probably. Mark Cheng's career to get an idea of where he's. ![]() How To Crack 128-bit Wireless Networks In 60 Seconds. I run DD-WRT and FreeRadius on a Linksys WRT54g at my house. I can crack someone’s WEP key in minutes. Home » Security / Hacks » WEP Cracking with Fon (Fonera) router. WEP. DF:04:DD:20 11 4. To be able to handle the amount of data that I need to collect to be able to crack the WEP key I need to connect. DD-WRT Guru Joined: Posts: 12892 Location: Behind The Reset Button: Posted: Sat Dec 06, 2008 22:42 Post subject: WPA Crack. It works. wep is easy to crack,I did read that some hacker group was going to release. Cracking WEP using OpenWRT on your WRT54G Router HOIC - Een nieuw Anonymous DDOS tool. After the WRT has rebooted. you'll need anywhere between 2-7 days to crack a 64 bit WEP key without packet injection. ![]() How To Crack 1. 28- bit Wireless Networks In 6. Seconds. Just for fun (since I’m a dork), I was looking for a wireless stumbler for Macintosh that supported a GPS unit because I thought it would be interesting to map how many wireless networks there are in my neighborhood (I usually can see 1. In my search, I ran across one called kismac that does exactly what I wanted (it even generates the maps for you, so I didn’t need to code something to plot the GPS coordinates on a map): click image for larger view)I download it and start playing around with it. . Linksys WEP crack from a wrt54g: Hi all, ive got a linksys wrt54g with DD-WRT v23 SP2 and im trying to crack wep passwords. Hi all, ive got a linksys wrt54g with DD-WRT v23 SP2 and im trying to crack wep passwords. Find out the difference between WEP and WPA Wireless Security in DD-WRT and how to boost security. WEP vs WPA Wireless Security in DD-WRT. WPA is able to achieve over 500 trillion possible key combinations and re-keying. It turns out it also has security testing functions within it (although I would guess that most of the people using the cracking functions are just trying to gain access to “secured” networks… which is beside the point I suppose). Anyway, so I start monkeying around with those functions to see if I could learn something about WEP encryption on my own 2 wireless networks (I have a Linksys WRT5. G and an Apple Airport Express which I use for beaming i. Tunes music to the living room stereo), both are currently secured with 1. I did not change anything in them for the purpose of this video. My “word list” is just the standard dictionary word list that comes with most any UNIX distribution (like Mac OS X) and resides in /usr/share/dict/. So here’s the scary part, from the time it started scanning for wireless networks to the time I was able to crack both wireless network keys (which is all you need to gain access to the wireless network), it took right around 6. Check out this video…Okay, so what just happened here? I just cracked my two 1. Even as a relatively knowledgeable tech guy, this seems like utter insanity to me. Okay, obviously I didn’t have some crazy, ultra- secure password for my networks, but I would guess 9. After doing some reading, an “ultra- secure” password/MD5 seed would be relatively useless anyway… all it would do is force the attacker to spend 1. FAQ and this FAQ), all of which is easily done from the kismac Network menu. It doesn’t even matter if you setup your wireless network to be public or not, because kismac can see it even if the base station isn’t showing the SSID publicly. I’m going to poke around and see how secure RADIUS authentication is for a wireless network, but even if RADIUS is more secure, what normal person is going to have the technical knowledge and an extra few thousand dollars to setup and run a RADIUS server for their wireless network? I’m not even sure if I want to run a wireless network anymore to be honest… or maybe shut them down except for the times I’m actually using them (talk about annoying though). Update. Not sure why the content was deemed “inappropriate” for You. Tube, but You. Tube took my video down. Moved it to Google Video. WEP Cracking with Fon (Fonera) router « Hackviking. I usually use my Fon router when doing the collection work for wlan cracking. I recently moved to a new apartment in my hometown and this is what I call a target rich environment! That is just to good to be true! So here is a little run down on how to do this easily. This guide can also be used for any other hardware but it has some special info just for the fonera. Here are a guide to cracking your fonera router: http: //dltv. And here is the firmware I use: http: //www. So now you have a linux computer for your pocket, much like your i. Phone if you have one. The big differnece is that this linux pocket computer is great for wlan use. First start an SSH session to the router and login. We need to setup the wlan card for our use. If your connected via the "Legend" wlan you have to keep that. I prefer to connect via cable to the router and then destroy the "Legend" network before I begin (wlanconfig ath. But even if you destroy that you can run the rest of the guide with ath. So lets begin the real thing! First create a wlan instance in monitor mode so we can listen to the world around us. Then we want a list of networks around us that we can attack. With airodump- ng without any parameters we can get a list of wlans available for us. The router respondse with a list of networks and information about encryption and you can also see a list of clients that the card picks up. In the list below no clients are seen but the usually show up, this is just a quick scan I did to show the prinicple. When you have your list just it CTRL + C to get back to the prompt. CH 1. 0 ][ Elapsed: 8 s ][ 2. BSSID PWR Beacons #Data, #/s CH MB ENC CIPHER AUTH ESSID. A6: 7. 8 1 2 0 0 1 5. WPA CCMP PSK Emelie. B: 2. F: DC: C3: 4. E 0 2 0 0 6 5. WPA TKIP PSK M& amp; C. C: DF: 0. 4: DD: 2. WPA2 CCMP PSK MILKYWAY. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. E 1. 5 1. WEP WEP MAD. A: 3. 0: 3. 4: 5. WEP WEP Ferdinand. C: 2. 7: 6. 3: DC 1. WPA TKIP PSK 6. BSSID STATION PWR Lost Packets Probes. My unlucky neighbor that has chosen to call his/hers wlan for MAD will be todays target. I selected this becuase it's MAC controlled. If the correct MAC aren't in the routers "Allowed list" or "White list" I will be unable to connect. To be able to handle the amount of data that I need to collect to be able to crack the WEP key I need to connect a share to the FON router. In this case I will connect the FON to a share I put up on my Windows 7 box. First you need create an account on you windows box that doesn't have spaces in it and select a password for that account. Then share a folder and give read/write access to that account. Then mount it onto your FON router. In the /mnt folder run the command: mkdir share. Then mount the share to that folder like this: mount - t cifs //< IP TO THE WINDOWS BOX> /< SHARE NAME> ; - o username=< USERNAME> ,password=< PASSWORD> /mnt/share. Now we can start to collect information about the network in question. Start airodump- ng to listen to the wlan. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. E - w /mnt/share/MAD ath. So what have we done now? We provided airodump- ng with some importent information: -c. We told it to listen to channel 3 only. If we omit this parameter it will hop up and down the channels.- -bssid 0. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. EWe supplied the MAC address of the wlan base so it knows what to listen for.- w /mnt/share/MADW stands for "Write" we want airodump- ng to dump the information into the file MAD on the Windows box share. What wlan instance to use. The router will also show us the information in real time while it collects the IV's (inital vectors) that we need for the crack. CH 3 ][ Elapsed: 5. BSSID PWR RXQ Beacons #Data, #/s CH MB ENC CIPHER AUTH ESSID. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. E 1. 9 1 4. WEP WEP MAD. BSSID STATION PWR Lost Packets Probes. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. E 0. 0: 2. 2: 4. E: BD: F5 1. 0 0 5. Now you can see the client that is connected as well. When I started attacking this network I didn't know it had a MAC filter running but I found out pretty quick when I couldn't associate with it or authenticate with it. If you can't do an association like the one below or if packet injection fails (it's not sending any packets) you probable is talking to a MAC filtered router. So how do we solve this issue? We fake our MAC! If you have no problem associating with the station like below you can skip this step. MAD" - a 0. 0: 1. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. E - h 0. 0: 2. 2: 4. E: BD: F5 ath. 1. Waiting for beacon frame (BSSID: 0. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. E). 1. 6: 0. 1: 1. Sending Authentication Request. Authentication successful. Sending Association Request. Association successful ?So what did I try here? I did a "Fake Authentication" against the router to so if it allows me to connect. Please note that the - h (my client MAC is the same as the client I found earlier). In this screen shoot I have all ready faked my MAC to be able to connect to the router. I didn't save any screen shoot of the failure. I quick run down of the command above: -1. Fake Authentication attack. How often to send a Authentication/Association Request (depending on the router you will be dropped after a while and need to re- authenticate)- e "MAD"The SSID of the router.- a 0. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. EThe MAC address of the router.- h 0. E: BD: F5. The MAC address of the client. In this case a spoofed one to get around the MAC filter but in all other cases you can use you original MAC or just 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6> ath. The wlan instance to use. So this raises two questions. First how do you get your MAC? This command will show you all the info on all the network devices you have and you can extract the MAC address of the wifi. Second question how do I spoof my MAC? E: BD: F5. ifconfig wifi. Now we have changed the MAC address of the card to what we want/need. In some cases it can give you an error like "Device Not Ready". Just try to destroy all the ath. X instances before you take the wifi. Now we can access the network to do our thing so let's get to it. If you had to destroy ath. MAC then just create it again as we did before. Then start the airodump- ng with the file write option again: airodump- ng - c 3 - -bssid 0. D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. E - w /mnt/share/MAD ath. Then start a second SSH client and connect to the FON and login again. Now we will help the process along big time! The data column in the scan result (first window/session) needs to go up to 2. You can collect all that data by just listening to the traffic but it will take days or even weeks. We can do it much quicker our selfs. In the second window/session we will start a packet injection attack of the ARP kind. In short ARP is a way for network gear to keep track of witch device have witch IP address and MAC address combination. Every time we send an ARP request the router will respond with a new IV (initial vector) and that's what we count as data so and then use to crack the key. So let's get the IV's coming! D: 8. C: 5. 2: 0. E - h 0. 0: 2. 2: 4. E: BD: F5 ath. 1This will start sending packets in large numbers. The FON can send about 4. Thanks to the fact that we changed our MAC we will now get our traffic through. If you see the "packets sent" counter stopping that usually just that you lost you association with the router. Just hit CTRL + C and run the "Fake Authentication" attack again. If this happens over and over again set the - 1 0 to something like - 1 2. If you need to do that just open a third window/session so you can have it all running at once. Once we collected enough IV's we can start cracking. I usually start the cracking process on the file before the collection is done. If you do so it will start the process and if no key is found restart the crack every 5. IV's collected. How ever this is not a job for the FON due to it's limited processing power. I usually use my linux box or my windows box where I have more computing power. The windows box is easy, there is a GUI, so if you made it this far you will be able to figure that out. The command line to do this is: aircrack- ng c: \temp\fonera\mad_mac- 0. The result will be something like this: Aircrack- ng 1. Tested 7. 17 keys (got 1. IVs). KB depth byte(vote). D(1. 89. 95. 2) C2(1. A(1. 85. 08. 8). 1 0/ 1 E5(2. F3(1. 87. 39. 2) FE(1. E(2. 34. 49. 6) C4(1. C(1. 88. 16. 0) 3. B(1. 87. 64. 8) 5. D(1. 85. 34. 4). 3 2. A1(1. 78. 94. 4) 8. D(1. 78. 68. 8). 4 6/ 4 0. E5(1. 82. 52. 8) 6. KEY FOUND! [ 0. 4: E4: 9. E: 1. 8: F7: 8. A: 0. DF: 9. 7: 6. D: 1. A: 5. A ]. Decrypted correctly: 1. As you can see I only needed little over 1. IV's to do this and when the crack was successful I could stop the attack on the network. So now we have the key: 0. E4: 9. E: 1. 8: F7: 8. A: 0. 1: 1. 1: DF: 9. D: 1. A: 5. APeople who get this far still ask me a question, "How do I use that key from windows?"The routers accepts both ASCII phrases and hex keys like the one above. 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